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Fcs\ÃqÀ ssZhmebw XriqÀ PnÃbnse Xe¸nÅn Xmeq¡nÂs¸« XrÈnht]cqÀ Xmeq¡ns\bpw, Xe¸nÅn Xmeq¡nt\bpw
thÀ¯ncn¡p¶ AXnÀ¯n hntÃPmb Hcp {Kma{]tZiamWv Fcs\ÃqÀ.
XriqÀþIpµwIpfw tdmUn IqSn Xriqcn \n¶pw ]Xnt\gv IntemaoäÀ Zqcw k©cn¨m tdmUnsâ
hS¡p`mK¯v tdmUn\`napJambn AXnat\mlcambn XebpbÀ¯n \n¡p¶ hnip² butk¸nXmhnsâ
aq³\neIfnepÅ It¸f ImWmw. AhnsS \n¶pw hSt¡m«pÅ ]©mb¯p tdmUn IqSn Ac ^ÀtemwKv
k©cn¨m ]Snªmtdm«pÅ ]Ån\S tdmUnte¡`napJambn ss{IkvXh X\na ]Icp¶ apJ
hmct¯mSpIqSnb ]cnip² sIm´ amXmhnsâ \mat[b¯nepÅ ssZhmebhpw, ]Ån apä¯v
hS¡p]Snªmdp`mK¯v ØnXn sN¿p¶ t{Kmt«mbpw, ssZhmeb¯nsâ sXm«p sX¡pIng¡mbpÅ hnImcn
aµnchpw GsXmcp hnizmknbpsSbpw A`nam\kvXw`§fmbn \nesImÅp¶Xv ZÀin¡m\mhpw. 1861 hsc t]mt¶mÀ, FS¡f¯qÀ, ]p¯qÀ, ssI]d¼v, IpdpamÂ, Xet¡m«pIc, Xnew, aWen, Bbwap¡v, Nnds\ÃqÀ, ]«n¡c, ]md¶qÀ, ]d¸qcv, XqÆm\qÀ, tIt¨cn, s]cpa®v, Fcs\ÃqÀ, agpht©cn F¶o {]tZi§fnse kpdnbm\n IpSpw_mwK§fpsS BßobImcy§Ä \ndthänbncn¡p¶Xv aäw CShI ]Ånbnembncp¶p. KXmKX kuIcy§Ä C¶s¯t¸mse ]cnjvIcn¨n«nÃmbncp¶p. B Ime¯v \½psS ]qÀÆnI³amÀ hfsctbsd bm{Xmt¢i§Ä kln¨mbncp¶p BßobImcy§Ä¡mbn aäw ]Ånbn F¯nbncp¶Xv. AXpw hfsc Npcp¡w t]À am{Xw. RmbdmgvNIfnse Znhy_en ChÀ sN¶Xn\ptijw am{Xw Bcw`n¡pI F¶ Hcp ]cnKW\ ChÀ¡v \ÂInt¸m¶ncp¶p. F¶m Hcp Znhkw ]Xnhn\p hn]coXambn ChÀ sNÃp¶Xn\p ap³]pXs¶ ]cnip² IpÀºm\ Bcw`n¡pIbpw ChÀ AXn ]s¦Sp¡m³ IgnbmsX hcpIbpw sNbvXp. A{]Xo£nXamb Cu kw`hw AhcpsS lrZbs¯ apdns¸Sp¯pIbpw AXnITn\ambn thZ\n¸n¡pIbpw
sNbvXp. CXns\ AhÀ Hcp shÃphnfnbmbn AwKoIcn¨v a\w s\m´p {]mÀ°n¨psImv "ASp¯
RmbdmgvN IpÀºm\ Fcs\ÃqÀ' F¶v ]dªp ]ncnbpIbpw sNbvXp. AhÀ h¶ DSs\¯s¶ ]p¯qcv, hmg¸nÅn, Fcs\ÃqÀ, ]pent¡m«nÂ, s]md¯qÀ, tIt¨cn Ad¡Â, I®\mbv¡Â, sNdph¯qÀ, s]cpa®v sImŶqcv ASnbm¯v, Nnds\ÃqÀ, Ihe¡m«v, NqÂ, aWen Ipän¡m«v, ssI¸d¼n Ad§mtÈcn XpS§n ]Xns\mt¶mfw IpSpw_¡mÀ ap³ssIsbSp¯v ]Ån ]Wnbp¶Xn\pthn Ipd¨p Øew P·ambn Int«Xns\¸än BtemNn¡pIbpw Øe¯n\pw {]mtZinI AwKoImc¯n\pw thn A¶s¯ \mSphmgn¯dhmSmb I{]tÈcn s]cpa¬ ho«pImsc kao]n¡pIbpw, AS§m¯ Bthit¯mSpIqSnb hnizmkssNX\yw AhnsS {]ISam¡pIbpw sNbvXXnsâ ^eambn Fcs\ÃqÀ kÀsÆ 308þ Ipd¨p Øew taÂ]dª \mSphmgn¯dhm«nse Hcp ImcWhcmbncp¶ C«qen t\XymÀ ]Ån¡mbn P·w Xodp sImSp¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Øew kz´ambn ssIh¶Xn\p tijw A¶s¯ sa{Xm³ Xncpta\nsb Iv At]£n¡pIbpw ]Ån Øm]n¡p¶Xn\pÅ
I¸\ k¼mZn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. XpSÀ¶v sIm¨n almcmPmhv Xncpa\Ênt\bpw t\cn¯s¶ sN¶p
ImWpIbpw ]Ån¡mhiyamb Xn«qcw XpS§nb kÀ¡mÀ hI {]amW§fpw hm§n¨p. aS¡bm{Xbn Xs¶ ]ffn¡mbn
Hcp Xm¡menI sjUv ]Wnbp¶Xn\pth Hme, apf, shff]\¼v XpS§nbh hm§n¨psImphcnIbpw ]ffn¡mbn
e`n¨ Øe¯v ]cnip² sIm´amXmhn³ \mat[b¯n Hcp sjUv ]WnXv Hmetaªp shff]\¼psImp ad¨p.
AXn Znhy_en AÀ¸n¡p¶Xn\v A¨s\ A\phZn¨p In«p¶Xn\v hopw sa{Xm\¨³ Xncpa\Ên At]£n¡pIbpw
AXnsâ ^eambn RmbdmgvNIfn am{Xw Hcp IpÀ_m\ sNmÃnt]mcp¶Xn\v Aca\bnÂ\n¶pw Hcp
sshZnIs\ \ntbmKn¡pIbpw, ssZh]cn]me\bmepw ]cnip² sIm´amXmhnsâ AÛpXIcamb klmb¯mepw
{]XnÚmZn\w apX¡pXs¶ Znhy]qPmÀ¸Ww Bcw`n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. A¶s¯ Xm¡menI ]ÅnbnÂ
sImSnsh¡p¶Xn\Å sIm´amXmhnsâ Hcp sIm¨pcq]w aäw ]Ånbn \n¶pw Xm¡menIambn k¼mZn¨p.
C¡me¯pXs¶ C¶v ImWp¶ skant¯cnbpw sNdnbtXmXn ]WnXoÀ¯ncp¶p. GItZiw cp sImámew
C§s\ ]n¶ntSnhcpw.
1863 apXÂ BZys¯ ]ffnbpsS ]Wn Bcw`n¡pIbpw \½psS FÃm ]qÀÆnIcptSbpw Hs¯mcpan¨pÅ
A{im´ ]cn{ia¯nsâ ^eambn a®psImpw, Ipd¨pam{Xw IÃpIÄ sImpw ]WnX `n¯ntbmSpw,
Hmetaª ta¡qctbmSpw IqSnb Hcp ]ffn kmam\yw hen¸¯n Xs¶ ]WnIgn¸n¡pIbpw B ]Wn ]qÀ¯nbm¡nbtijw
AXn sImSnsh¡p¶Xn\pÅ sIm´amXmhn³ Xncpkzcq]w aäw ]Ån¡mÀ kw`mh\bmbn XcpIbpw sNbvXp.
Ct¸mÄ sImSnsh¨ amXmhnsâ ap³]pff cq]amWXv. CXpw ]ffnbn ]qPyambnXs¶ kq£n¨pt]mcp¶p.
Cu Xncpkzcq]amWv Ct¸mgpw Xncp\mÄ {]Z£nW¯n\v Fgp¶Ån¡p¶Xv. {]kvXpX tZhmebw Ct¸mÄ \ne\n¡p¶
tZhmeb¯nsâ sXm«p hS¡p`mK¯pw skant¯cnbpsS sX¡p `mK¯pambmWv \nes¡mncp¶Xv. AXnsâ \Sbnepmbncp¶
]pcmX\ tdma³ kwkv¡mc¯epff Icn¦Â Ipcniv 1954þ cq]Xbnse hoc]pcpj\mbn Adnbs¸«ncp¶
_lpam\s¸« hS¡wt©cn t]mt«m¡mc³ bmt¡m_¨sâ CShI `cW¡me¯v Dm¡nb ]e ]cnjv¡mc§fptSbpw
Iq«¯nemWv s]mfn¨pamänbXv. Ccp]Xp h.Àj§Ä¡ptijw hnizmknIfmb CShImwK§fpsS AS§m¯ Bthihpw B{Klhpw Hcp \à \nebnepÅ
]Ånbpw, A¨·mÀ¡v Øncambn Xmakn¡p¶Xn\pw ssI¡mc·mÀ¡v D]tbmKn¡p¶Xn\pw, hne]nSn¸pÅ
hkvXp¡Ä ]Ww apXembh kq£n¡p¶Xn\pw, tbmKyamb Hcp apdnbpw ]Wnbp¶Xnte¡v Xncnªp. BbXn\v
1884þÂ XrÈqÀ cq]Xm A`nhµy sa{Xm³ AtUmÄ^kv FUvhn³ saUnent¡m«v Xncpta\nbnÂ\n¶pw
AwKoImcw e`n¨p. BImi¯n³Iogn kÀÆià\mb ssZh¯nsâ hmkØes¯ A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶ aZv_lmbpw,
A²zm\n¡p¶h\pw, `mcw Npa¡p¶h\pw, Iãs¸Sp¶h\pw, thZ\ A\p`hn¡p¶h\pw, FhntSbpw
kam[m\w ImWm¯h\pw, F¶nte¡v hcphn³ F¶dnbn¡p¶ ssl¡embpw Xsâ XncphN\w {]tLmjn¡p¶XnepÅ
P\a²y¯nse ]pjv]¡qSpw, Xsâ IpcnipacWt\cs¯ kvacn¸n¡p¶ XncÈoebpw, kv{Xo ]pcpj
thÀXncnhnsâ {Imknbpw, {InkvXp\mYsâ cmPm[ncmP¯zs¯ AwKoIcn¡p¶ \ShmXnepw AXnsâ
sX¡p`mK¯mbn cp\ne amfnI ]Wnbp¶Xn\pÅ P\Â, I«nf, B\¯mgpÅ A´mgt¯mSpIqSnb hmXnepIÄ,
X«v, Ad, Igpt¡mÂ, hf, ]«nI, HmSv, XpS§nb FÃmhkvXp¡fpw Xos]« sIm¨n almcmPmhmbncn¡p¶
ià³ X¼pcm³ Xsâ {]nb ]Xv\n¡mbn ]WnIgn¸n¨ncp¶ ]¯mb]pcbptSXmbncp¶p F¶v FSp¯p ]db¯¡XmWv.
AXpt]mse Xs¶ knant¯cn hepXm¡n ]WnbpIbpw Nne ]cnjv¡mc§Ä hcp¯pIbpw sNbvXp. Cu
ImeL«¯nÂXs¶ thZ ]T\¯n\mbn Hcp kvIqÄ, _nj¸v saUnent¡m«nsâ kw`mh\bmbn ]Ån¸d¼n sXt¡
Aä¯mbn ]WnIgn¸n¨ncp¶p. 1116þepmb sImSpwImänemWv BbXv A{]Xy£ambXv. C{]Imcw ]cnip²sIm´ amXmhnsâ ]Ån 105þtemfw hÀjw CShIbnse hnizmknIfpsS ]mc¼cys¯ hnfn¨dnbn¡p¶ A`nam\kvXw`ambn ImemImes¯ AäIpä]WnIÄsImv \ne\n¡pIbmbncp¶p. 1989 Pq¬ amkw 4þmw Xn¿Xn RmbdmgvN ]peÀ¨ 5 aWntbmSpIqSn ]Ån ta¡qc XIÀ¶p. hnImcn ^m. tPmkv tIm\n¡c XIÀ¶p InS¡p¶ ]ÅnbpsS Ahinã§Ä Iv kvXw`n¨p \n¶p. asäm¶pw BtemNn¡msX At±lw ]Ån aWnbpsS Ibdns\ e£yw sh¨v \S¶p. {]`mX¯n A{]Xo£amb Iq« aWntI«v HmSnIqSnb CShImwK§fpw \m«pImcpw lrZbt`ZIamb ImgvNIv hnd§nen¨p\n¶p. RmbdmgvN Imes¯ IpÀ_m\¡v aWn¡qdpIÄ¡v ap¼v Bf]mbanÃmsX ]Ån ta¡qc hoWXn FÃmhcpw Bizmkw sImp. sRmSnbnsS IÀ½\ncX\mb hnImcn ^m. tPmkv tIm\n¡cs¡m¸w CShImwK§fpw tNÀ¶v _lpam\s¸« XrÈqÀ cq]XbpsS sa{Xm\mbncp¶ amÀ tPmk^v IppIpfw Xncpta\nsb hnhcadnbn¡pIbpw At±lw kw`hØes¯¯pIbpw sNbvXp. XpSÀ¶v IppIpfw Xncpta\nbpsS A²y£Xbn tNÀ¶ s]mXptbmK¯nÂh¨v ]ÅnbpsS ]p\À\nÀ½mW¯n\mbn Hcp I½nän¡v cq]wsImSp¯p. ]ÅnbpsS ]qÀ¯nIcW¯n\mbn CShImwK§fn \n¶pw, CShIbn ]pdta\n¶pw kzcq]n¨ [\klmb¯nsâ ]n³_et¯msS 1989 BKÌv amkw 15þmw Xn¿Xn ]cnip² amXmhnsâ kzÀ¤mtcmlW Xncp\mfnÂ, `mcX¯nsâ 43þmw kzmX{´yZn\¯n cmhnse 8.30\v XrÈqÀ cq]XbpsS A`nhµy ]nXmhv amÀ. tPmk^v IppIpfw Xncpta\n C¶v ImWp¶ ]ÅnbpsS hS¡p ]Snªmsd aqebn ASnØm\ine Øm]n¨p. CShImwK§fpsS \nc´camb {]hÀ¯\hpw, IÀ½ [ocXtbmsSbpÅ hnImcn ^m. tPmkv tIm\n¡cbpsS tkh\hpw ]ÅnbpsS \memw L«¯nsâ ]qÀ¯oIcW¯n\v hgnsh¨p. XrÈqÀ F©n\obdnw§v tImtfPnse ko\nbÀ {s]m^kÀ {io. Cu¸³ kmdnsâXmWv Ct¸mgs¯ ]ÅnbpsS ¹m³. ]ÅnbI¯v AįmcpsS ]n¶nepÅ NpaÀNn{X§Ä Bscbpw BIÀjn¡p¶XmWv. Im\mbnse IÃymWhncp¶v, tbml¶m\n \n¶pÅ CutimbpsS amt½mZok F¶o Nn{X§Ä XncsªSp¯Xv hnImcn tPmkv tIm\n¡cbmWv. Fcs\ÃqÀ ]ÅnbpsS ]qÀ¯nIcW¯n\v tijw ]cnip² ]nXmhv tPm¬ t]mÄ amÀ¸m¸ 2003þ sIm´bpsS Znhyclky§fn Iq«ntNÀ¯ {]Imi¯nsâ clky§fn H¶pw cpw clky§Ä Cu NpaÀ Nn{X§fnembnXoÀ¶p F¶Xv ssZh]cn]me\bmbn `hn¨p. CShI P\¯nsâ \nc´camb {]hÀ¯\hpw, XymKat\m`mhhpw, \nkzmÀ°amb klIcWhpw FÃmw H¯ptNÀ¶XmWv C¶v ImWp¶ at\mlcamb ]Ån. XeapdIfnte¡v ]IÀ¶ hnizmkssNX\y¯n amXmhnsâ A\p{KlminkpItfmsS 1991 s^{_phcn 2þmw XnbXn Fcs\ÃqÀ CShIbnse kÀÆaXØcpw AS§p¶ hensbmcp P\mhensbbpw, hninãmYnXnIfptSbpw km¶n²y¯n XrÈqÀ cq]Xm²y£³ amÀ tPmk^v IppIpfw, Ccn§me¡pS cq]Xm²y£³ amÀ sPbnwkv ]gbmänÂ, Nmb cq]XbpsS Øm\nI sa{Xm³ dh. tUm. ]oenIvknt\mkv Xncpta\n F¶o aq¶v ]nXm¡³amÀ tZhmebw IqZmi sN¿pIbpw hnip²_en AÀ¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ssZh`h\w]qInb IÀ½ t{ijvT³ A`nh²y ]nXmhv amÀ tPmk^v IppIpfw Xncpta\n Fcs\ÃqÀ ]Ån \nÀ½mW¯n\mbn sNbvX kvXpXyÀlamb tkh\§Ä {]tXyIw kvaÀ¯hyamWv. |
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